Pyramidal and extrapyramidal systems chains of neurons are characterized central nervous system associated with body movements.
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The denominations, referring to the figure of a pyramid, are used since the pyramidal system starts in the neurons with a shape that refers to this figure, perceived in the cerebral cortex.
The first is responsible for voluntary movement, and thus, injuries to this system can lead to loss of strength or paralysis.
And the extrapyramidal system is responsible for an automatic part, therefore, movements performed without thinking, for example those necessary to walk or talk.
Extrapyramidal reaction, or the extrapyramidal symptoms, is about symptoms that normally arise in disorders or illnesses that compromise such a neuronal system, which is involved in the control of posture and tone.
It is important to remember that cells of the nervous system, which are neurons, communicate with each other by chemical messengers called neurotransmitters.
Dopamine is an example, as is acetylcholine.
And lesions in the extrapyramidal system generate involuntary movements.
The example is Parkinson's disease, caused by degeneration of the substantia nigra popular area, in which neurons function mainly through dopamine.
This neurotransmitter has many functions in the body, it is related to thoughts, movements, with the release of prolactin, which makes breastfeeding possible.
Vomiting is characterized by an involuntary reflex, which is triggered by stimulation of another brain area in which there are hormones that use the neurotransmitter dopamine.
In patients with psychotic thoughts or nausea, drugs that block one of the dopamine receptors, called D2, can prove very helpful.
However, certain people may still experience some unpleasant symptoms from use.
Likelihood of side effects of this type appearing will depend on the drug, patient susceptibility, and dose.
Possible Symptoms Extrapyramidal
parkinsonism
The analogous symptoms with those of Parkinson's, such as bradykinesia, muscle rigidity, absence of facial mimicry, resting tremor, shuffling gait, excessive salivation, posture leaning forward.
The risk of this type is greater in the elderly with continued use of the drug.
tardive dyskinesia
It is characterized by involuntary muscle movements in the lower face, lips, and body extremities.
Such a condition can arise with chronic use of typical antipsychotics, and persists after stopping treatment.
Symptoms may worsen after withdrawal of the remedy, and it can be said to be a sequel to continued use of these remedies for long periods.
Acute dystonic reactions
Characterized by muscle spasms of the neck, head, extremities and back.
In this way, the patient may present torticollis, eye turns, trunk remains flexed forward, tongue tending to move outwards, impairing the ability to swallow and speak.
Such dramatic reactions appear acutely after excessive doses of remedies and are characterized more frequently in young people.
More serious situations, in which there are spasms in the larynx, can put the patient's life at risk.
akathisia
The name originates from a term that in Greek meant “that cannot sit”.
It is a feeling of motor restlessness that makes the person need to move their legs incessantly.
And along with anxiety, restlessness, nervousness.
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